Saving for college seems to be one of the most mysterious and daunting tasks in our financial lives since it is nearly impossible to guess what college costs will be 18 years from now if you have a child born today. In fact, depending on which college your little protégé wants to attend, your best guess should be “it will cost a lot”. Saving as much as you can over the longest period of time will give you more options to choose from. The IRS has made it easier by authorizing a special savings program designed for paying future college costs known as a “qualified tuition plan” or “529 plan”, so named by Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code.
Withdrawals from the plan can be used for a student (also known as the beneficiary) to pay for “qualified higher education expenses” including tuition, room and board, books and computers, and other mandatory fees as listed in the plan’s disclosure document. As long as the proceeds are used for eligible college expenses, and IRS restrictions are followed, the earnings in a 529 plan are not federally taxable. If money is withdrawn from these programs and not used for qualified education expenses, the earnings will be subject to income taxes and an additional 10% federal tax penalty.
Each state in the United States’ sponsors their own 529 plan, and each one offers you different minimum and maximum contribution limits. These programs are popular with wealthy grandparents as an estate planning device because some states have plans with contribution limits in excess of $300,000 during the life of the plan. The IRS allows individuals to gift up to $12,000 - married couples up to $24,000 – per year per person in 2008, which can be used to fund a 529 plan for a child or grandchild. In addition, you may be able to accelerate the plan by contributing 5 years of the annual gift amount at one time. That means a couple could contribute up to $120,000 in one year, per child, if the plan permits.
You can also move, or rollover, one states plan to another states plan as long as you adhere to each state’s restrictions. You are not required to choose a program in the state you, or the child you are saving for, live in. However, your state of residency may provide additional state income tax savings. As a bonus, 10 states offer matching contributions to residents who contribute to an in-state 529 savings plan. Those states currently include Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. The matching is limited to your contribution amount and income.
Beneficiaries of a 529 plan can attend any accredited college or university in the United States as well as certain foreign institutions. Although a four year tuition can easily surpass $200,000 at some universities, I must throw in a “what if…” here. What if you have more money in one of these programs than you can spend on college expenses? To avoid the federal and state income tax, and subsequent 10% penalty imposed by the IRS, you have the option to change the beneficiary of the plan to another member of the original beneficiary’s family as the new future college student. Money can also be withdrawn without adverse tax consequences due to the receipt of a scholarship by the student, or the death or disability of the student.
Since there are so many rules and regulations regarding contributions, withdrawals, qualified expenses, residency requirements, tax implications, etc. and because there are so many investment options available specific to each state, I recommend consulting with your financial advisor or tax advisor to determine if this type of college saving is right for your specific situation. There are many other options to choose from to save money for your child or grandchild’s future that may be less restrictive even though you may have to pay taxes as-you-go (such as a Uniform Gift To Minors Act account). You may also decide to develop a different strategy for different children based on their specific needs.
As in any investment decision, make sure you understand, and are comfortable with, the benefits and limitations of any vehicle you are considering in order to help you reach a particular financial goal.
Robin Davis is a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER? leveraging 24 years of experience in the business. She is the owner and top advisor of Davis Wealth Enhancement Group in Stuart, FL. She has been advising retirees and those nearing retirement since 1984, helping her clients work toward their financial goals. A member of the Financial Planning Association?, Davis had held hundreds of public seminars around the country.
Robin is the author of an award winning book titled, ?Who?s Sitting on Your Nest Egg? Why You Need a Financial Advisor and Ten Easy Tests for Finding the Best One?, which is endorsed by the Financial Planning Association?.
Davis is a contributing author for Affluent Magazine and has been a guest on numerous radio, and television shows.